Quantitative evaluation of radiotherapy plan in precise external beam radiotherapy process management for cervical cancer / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To identify the problems in clinical radiotherapy planning for cervical cancer through quantitative evaluation of the radiotherapy plans to improve the quality of the plans and the radiotherapy process.@*METHODS@#We selected the clinically approved and administered radiotherapy plans for 227 cervical cancer patients undergoing external radiotherapy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from May, 2019 to January, 2022. These plans were transferred from the treatment planning system to the Plan IQTM workstation. The plan quality metrics were determined based on the guidelines of ICRU83 report, the GEC-ESTRO Working Group, and the clinical requirements of our center and were approved by a senior clinician. The problems in the radiotherapy plans were summarized and documented, and those with low scores were re-planned and the differences were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#We identified several problems in the 277 plans by quantitative evaluation. Inappropriate target volume selection (with scores < 60) in terms of GTV, PGTV (CI) and PGTV (V66 Gy) was found in 10.6%, 65.2%, and 1% of the plans, respectively; and the PGTV (CI), GTV, and PCTV (D98%, HI) had a score of 0 in 0.4%, 10.1%, 0.4%, 0.4% of the plans, respectively. The problems in the organs at risk (OARs) involved mainly the intestines (the rectum, small intestine, and colon), found in 20.7% of the plans, and in occasional cases, the rectum, small intestine, colon, kidney, and the femoral head had a score of 0. Senior planners showed significantly better performance than junior planners in PGTV (V60 Gy, D98%), PCTV (CI), and CTV (D98%) (P≤0.046) especially in terms of spinal cord and small intestine protection (P≤0.034). The bowel (the rectum, small intestine and colon) dose was significantly lower in the prone plans than supine plans (P < 0.05), and targets coverage all met clinical requirements. Twenty radiotherapy plans with low scores were selected for re-planning. The re-planned plans had significantly higher GTV (Dmin) and PTV (V45 Gy, D98%) (P < 0.05) with significantly reduced doses of the small intestines (V40 Gy vs V30 Gy), the colon (V40 Gy vs V30 Gy), and the bladder (D35%) (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Quantitative evaluation of the radiotherapy plans can not only improve the quality of radiotherapy plan, but also facilitate risk management of the radiotherapy process.

Significado do uso da prótese peniana de silicone no seguimento da braquiterapia pélvica / Significado do uso da prótese peniana de silicone no seguimento da braquiterapia pélvica / Meaning of the use of silicone penile prosthesis in the follow-up of pelvic brachytherapy

Objetivo: descrever o significado do uso da prótese peniana de silicone para dilatação vaginal no seguimento da braquiterapia em mulheres com câncer ginecológico. Método: pesquisa narrativa, realizada no Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas, Brasil, com 34 mulheres, após braquiterapia pélvica, em seguimento no serviço de fisioterapia. Coleta de dados por entrevistas semiestruturadas, incluindo dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e o significado do uso da prótese peniana na dilatação vaginal, submetidas à análise de conteúdo e discutidas à luz do estudo From 'sex toy' to intrusive imposition. Resultados: o significado perpassa o exercício de dilatação vaginal; as dificuldades relacionadas às condições vaginais, doença, tratamento, dor, sexo, constrangimentos, preconceitos, falhas na educação em saúde; as motivações relacionam-se à busca por qualidade de vida, apoio dos companheiros e profissionais. Conclusão: a abordagem de possíveis barreiras emocionais, psicológicas, sociais e físicas deve ser planejada e executada para prevenção da estenose vaginal e melhor acolhimento.

Objective: to describe the meaning of the use of silicone penile prosthesis for vaginal dilation in the follow-up of brachytherapy in women with gynecological cancer. Method: narrative research conducted at the Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas, Brazil, with 34 women after pelvic brachytherapy, under follow-up at the physical therapy service. Data collection through semi-structured interviews, including sociodemographic and clinical data and the significance of the use of penile prosthesis in vaginal dilation, submitted to content analysis and discussed in the light of the study From 'sex toy' to intrusive imposition. Results: the meaning permeates the vaginal dilation exercise; difficulties related to vaginal conditions, disease, treatment, pain, sex, constraints, prejudices, failures in health education; motivations are related to the search for quality of life, support of partners and professionals. Conclusion: the approach of possible emotional, psychological, social and physical barriers should be planned and executed for prevention of vaginal stenosis and better reception.

Objetivo: describir el significado del uso de una prótesis peneana de silicona para la dilatación vaginal posterior a la braquiterapia en mujeres con cáncer ginecológico. Método: investigación narrativa, realizada en el Centro de Pesquisas Oncológicas, Brasil, con 34 mujeres, después de braquiterapia pélvica, en seguimiento en el servicio de fisioterapia. Recopilación de datos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, incluyendo datos sociodemográficos y clínicos y el significado del uso de prótesis peneana en la dilatación vaginal, sometidos a análisis de contenido y discutidos a la luz del estudio From 'sex toy' to intrusive imposition. Resultados: el significado impregna el ejercicio de dilatación vaginal; dificultades relacionadas con condiciones vaginales, enfermedad, tratamiento, dolor, sexo, vergüenza, prejuicios, fallas en la educación para la salud; las motivaciones están relacionadas con la búsqueda de calidad de vida, apoyo de la pareja y profesionales. Conclusión: se debe planificar y ejecutar el abordaje de las posibles barreras emocionales, psicológicas, sociales y físicas para prevenir la estenosis vaginal y una mejor recepción.

Principais implicações terapêuticas à qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer de colo uterino: uma revisão narrativa / Therapeutic implications to the quality of life of cervical cancer's patients: a narrative review

O câncer de colo uterino é o quarto tipo mais incidente e fatal entre as mulheres no Brasil e no mundo, o que representa mundialmente em torno de 600 mil novos casos e mais de 300 mil mortes a cada ano. Assim como o diagnóstico, o tratamento da doença pode impactar de forma significativa a qualidade de vida dessas pacientes. A aplicação de questionários que avaliem os diferentes aspectos da qualidade de vida das mulheres afetadas por esse câncer é uma ferramenta relevante, pois auxilia na compreensão e identificação dos principais danos relacionados ao tratamento. Este trabalho visa analisar a literatura atual que investiga e relata os principais efeitos à qualidade de vida de mulheres com câncer de colo uterino associados a diferentes modalidades terapêuticas e, desse modo, contribuir nas escolhas de tratamento e manejo clínico que resultem em menores impactos à qualidade de vida dessas mulheres.(AU)

Cervical cancer is the fourth most incident and fatal cancer type among women in Brazil and worldwide. This data represents around 600 thousand new cases worldwide each year and more than 300 thousand lives lost. Both diagnosis and treatment can significantly impact the quality of life of cervical cancer patients. The application of questionnaires that assess the different aspects of the quality of life of women affected by this cancer is a relevant tool, as it helps to understand and identify the main damages related to the treatment. This article aims to analyze the current literature that reports the main effects on the quality of life of women with cervical cancer associated with different therapeutic modalities. In this way, the review could assist in the treatment choices that imply less impact on the quality of life of these women.(AU)

Impact of multi-leaf collimator positioning accuracy on quality control of volumetric modulation arc therapy plan for cervical cancer treated with Elekta linear accelerator / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the influence of positioning accuracy of the multi-leaf collimators (MLC) on the passing rate of the plan dose verification for volumetric modulation arc therapy (VMAT) of cervical cancer using an Elekta linear accelerator.@*METHODS@#The dose distributions were measured using Sun Nuclear's Mapcheck and Arccheck semiconductors matrix before and after MLC calibration in30 cervical cancer patients undergoing VMAT. Dosimetric comparisons were performed with 2D and 3D gamma passing rates of 3%, 3 mm and 2%, and 2 mm. The 3D gamma distribution was reconstructed with respect to the patient's anatomy using 3DVH software to evaluate the possible influence of MLC positioning accuracy.@*RESULTS@#Before and after MLC calibration, the gamma passing rates of Mapcheck were (88.80±1.81)% and (99.25 ± 0.53)% under 3% and 3 mm standard, respectively, with an average increase of 10.45%. The corresponding gamma passing rates of Arccheck were (87.61±1.98)% and (98.13±0.99)%, respectively, with an average increase of 10.52%. The gamma passing rates of 3DVH were (89.87±2.28)% and (98.3±1.15)%, respectively, with an average increase of 8.43%.@*CONCLUSION@#The MLC positioning accuracy is one of the main factors influencing dosimetric accuracy of VMAT for cervical cancer. The application of Autocal software facilitates MLC calibration and improves the accuracy and safety of VMAT delivery for cervical cancer.

Qualidade de Vida Associada ao Tratamento com Radioterapia em Mulheres Acometidas pelo Câncer do Colo do Útero: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura / Quality of Life Associated with Radiotherapy Treatment in Women Affected by Cervical Cancer: Integrative Literature Review / Calidad de Vida Asociada al Tratamiento con Radioterapia en Mujeres Afectadas por Cáncer de Cuello Uterino: Revisión Integrativa de la Literatura

Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero (CCU) está entre os cinco tipos de cânceres mais frequentes em mulheres. Inicialmente, o tratamento indicado é a cirurgia. Já, quando a paciente apresenta fatores de risco associados à recidiva local, é feita a radioterapia pélvica adjuvante. Investigar o impacto do tratamento na Qualidade de Vida (QV) das mulheres com CCU pode auxiliar o planejamento de ações no sentido de reduzir ou evitar danos. Objetivo: Compilar as repercussões e os fatores que influenciam a QV de mulheres com CCU submetidas ao tratamento radioterápico. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS e SciELO. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos dos últimos cinco anos, de acesso aberto, escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol e que abordassem o tema definido total ou parcialmente. Resultados: Foram selecionados 17 artigos, entre os quais predominaram os estudos longitudinais prospectivos (n=9), seguidos dos estudos transversais (n=5) e estudos longitudinais retrospectivos (n=3). Ademais, houve a utilização de 15 diferentes questionários, sendo mais frequente o European Organization for Research And Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30), que integrou oito estudos. Conclusão: A QV das mulheres submetidas à radioterapia foi influenciada por fatores socioeconômicos, educacionais, relações matrimoniais e modalidade da radioterapia. Apesar de os métodos de tratamento terem influenciado fatores individuais, como sintomas físicos e emocionais, não tiveram relação significativa com a QV geral. Estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar os efeitos da radioterapia em longo prazo

Introduction: Cervical cancer (CC) is among the five most common cancers in women. Initially, the treatment indicated is surgery. When the patient has risk factors associated with local recurrence, adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy is performed. Investigating the impact of treatment on the quality of life (QoL) of women with CC can help planning actions to reduce or prevent harm. Objective: Compile the repercussions and factors that influence the QoL of women with CC undergoing radiotherapy. Method: A integrative review of the literature was conducted in the MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS and SciELO databases. The inclusion criteria were articles from the last five years, open access, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, addressing the theme defined totally or partially. Results: 17 articles were selected, among which prospective longitudinal studies (n=9) predominated, followed by cross-sectional studies (n=5) and retrospective longitudinal studies (n=3). In addition, 15 different questionnaires were used, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30) was more frequent, integrating 8 studies. Conclusion: The QoL of women submitted to radiotherapy was influenced by socioeconomic and educational factors, marital relationships, and the modality of radiotherapy. Although the treatment methods have influenced individual factors, such as physical and emotional symptoms, they had no significant relationship with general QoL. Studies should be conducted to assess the long-term effects of radiotherapy

Introducción: El cáncer de cuello uterino (CC) se encuentra entre los cinco cánceres más comunes en las mujeres. Inicialmente, el tratamiento indicado es la cirugía. Cuando el paciente presenta factores de riesgo asociados a recidiva local, se realiza radioterapia pélvica adyuvante. Investigar el impacto del tratamiento en la calidad de vida (CV) de las mujeres con CC puede ayudar a planificar acciones para reducir o prevenir daños. Objetivo: Recopilar las repercusiones y factores que influyen en la CV de las mujeres con CC sometidas a radioterapia. Método: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases de datos MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS y SciELO. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos de los últimos cinco años, de acceso abierto, escritos en portugués, inglés o español y que abordaron la temática total o parcialmente definida. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 17 artículos, entre los que predominaron los estudios longitudinales prospectivos (n=9), seguidos de los estudios transversales (n=5) y los estudios longitudinales retrospectivos (n=3). Además, se utilizaron 15 cuestionarios diferentes, siendo más frecuente el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida de la Organización Europea para la Investigación y el Tratamiento del Cáncer (EORTC-QLQ-C30), que integró 8 estudios. Conclusión: La CV de las mujeres sometidas a radioterapia estuvo influenciada por factores socioeconómicos, educativos, relaciones maritales y el tipo de radioterapia. Aunque los métodos de tratamiento han influido en factores individuales, como los síntomas físicos y emocionales, no tienen una relación significativa con la CV general. Se deben realizar estudios más amplios para evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de la radioterapia

Disfunção sexual em mulheres com câncer do colo do útero submetidas à radioterapia: análise de conceito / Disfunción sexual en mujeres con cáncer de cuello uterino sometidas a radioterapia: análisis de concepto / Sexual dysfunction in women with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy: concept analysis

Resumo Objetivo analisar o conceito de disfunção sexual em mulheres com câncer do colo do útero submetidas a tratamento radioterápico. Método estudo de análise de conceito fundamentado no referencial metodológico proposto por Walker e Avant, o qual é composto por oito etapas: seleção do conceito; determinação dos objetivos da análise conceitual; identificação dos possíveis usos do conceito; determinação dos atributos críticos ou essenciais; construção de um caso modelo; construção de casos adicionais; identificação dos antecedentes e consequentes do conceito; e definição das referências empíricas. Resultados a amostra final resultou em 11 artigos, que identificaram 4 atributos críticos, 18 antecedentes e 07 consequentes do conceito, os quais permitiram a construção de uma definição conceitual e elaboração de um caso-modelo, com a finalidade de exemplificar o contexto social no qual o conceito encontra-se inserido. Conclusão e implicações para prática alterações na estrutura corporal, déficit de conhecimento, diminuição da frequência das relações sexuais, dispareunia e indiferença do parceiro são alguns dos principais antecedentes e consequentes da disfunção sexual na população estudada. Entretanto, esses fatores ainda são pouco conhecidos, o que limita a realização de ações de promoção, prevenção e reabilitação sexual, sobretudo no campo da enfermagem.

Resumen Objetivo analizar el concepto de disfunción sexual en mujeres con cáncer de cuello uterino sometidas a tratamiento radioterápico. Método estudio de análisis de concepto basado en el marco metodológico de Walker y Avant, compuesto por ocho etapas: selección del concepto; determinación de los objetivos del análisis conceptual; identificación de posibles usos del concepto; determinación de atributos críticos o esenciales; construcción de un caso modelo; construcción de casos adicionales; identificación de antecedentes y consecuentes del concepto; y definición de referencias empíricas. Resultados La muestra final resultó en 11 artículos: 04 críticos, 18 antecedentes y 07 consecuentes del concepto, lo que permitió la construcción de una definición conceptual y la elaboración de un caso modelo con el fin de ejemplificar el contexto social en que se inserta el concepto. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Cambios en la estructura corporal, déficit de conocimiento, disminución de la frecuencia de las relaciones sexuales, dispareunia y la indiferencia de la pareja son algunos de los principales antecedentes y consecuentes de la disfunción sexual en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, estos factores aún son poco conocidos, lo que limita la realización de acciones de promoción, prevención y rehabilitación sexual, especialmente en el campo de la enfermería.

Abstract Objective to analyze the concept of sexual dysfunction in women with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Method a concept analysis study based on the methodological framework proposed by Walker and Avant, which consists of eight stages: concept selection; determination of the objectives of the conceptual analysis; identification of possible uses of the concept; determination of critical or essential attributes; construction of a model case; construction of additional cases; identification of the antecedents and consequences of the concept; and definition of empirical references. Results the final sample resulted in 11 articles, which identified 4 critical attributes, 18 antecedents and 07 consequences of the concept, which allowed the construction of a conceptual definition and the elaboration of a model case in order to exemplify the social context in which the concept is inserted. Conclusion and implications for practice changes in body structure, lack of knowledge, decreased frequency of sexual intercourse, dyspareunia, and partner's indifference are some of the main antecedents and consequences of sexual dysfunction in the studied population. However, these factors are still little known, which limits the performance of actions of promotion, prevention and sexual rehabilitation, especially in the field of nursing.

Relationship between muscular fitness and quality of life as well as psychological distress in radiotherapy patients with cervical cancer / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Patients with cervical cancer who have received radiotherapy often suffer from systemic muscle volume reduction and quality of life decline due to systemic effects of tumor and side effects of radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of muscle fitness, quality of life, and psychological pain in patients with cervical cancer who received radiotherapy, and to explore the correlation between muscle fitness, quality of life, and psychological pain.@*METHODS@#A total of 202 cervical cancer patients aged 19-71, who received radiotherapy in Hunan Cancer Hospital from July 2020 to February 2021, were selected by convenience sampling method. Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Cervix (FACT-CX) and Distress Thermometer (DT) were used for the survey. The patient's grip strength was assessed by a handgrip meter and compared with that of healthy Chinese women of the same age. The correlation between muscle fitness and quality of life and psychological pain was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The grip strength of cervical cancer patients receiving radiotherapy was significantly lower than that of healthy Chinese women at the same age (@*CONCLUSIONS@#The grip strength of patients with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy is generally decreased, which is affected by many factors, and is closely related to the quality of life and psychological pain of patients. In the future, dynamic attention should be paid to the changes of grip strength and related functions in patients receiving radiotherapy for cervical cancer, the potential risks in the treatment should be identified early, and targeted intervention should be taken.

Braquiterapia adaptativa guiada por resonancia magnética para el cáncer cervical localmente avanzado: experiencia del Hospital Carlos Van Buren / MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: experience at Carlos Van Buren Hospital

Introducción y objetivos: El tratamiento estándar para pacientes con cáncer cervical localmente avanzado (CCLA) se basa en radioterapia externa y quimioterapia concomitante seguida de braquiterapia adaptativa guiada por imágenes (BTAGI). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados del protocolo de BTAGI de resonancia magnética del Servicio de Oncología del Hospital Carlos Van Buren. Métodos: En pacientes con CCLA tratadas con Radioquimioterapia concomitante seguida de BTAGI de resonancia magnética se evaluó la reducción tumoral, parámetros dosimétricos y la toxicidad aguda. Resultados: Se evaluó la reducción tumoral entre el diagnóstico y el momento de la braquiterapia en 34 pacientes. Todas las pacientes completaron el tratamiento de radioterapia externa. Veinticuatro pacientes recibieron 3 sesiones de braquiterapia. Dosis equivalentes totales > 80 Gy se logro en todos los pacientes. Doce pacientes presentaron reducción del volumen tumoral mayor al 70%. La mediana de las dosis equivalentes totales prescritas al D2cc de vejiga fue 73.9 Gy, al recto 65.6 Gy y al intestino fue de 69.1 Gy. Una paciente presento toxicidad gastrointestinal grado ≥ 3. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar pacientes que recibieron dosis equivalentes totales desde los 85 Gy con las que recibieron menor dosis respecto a toxicidad gastrointestinal (p=0.33) y genitourinaria (p=0.97). Conclusión: La braquiterapia adaptativa guiada por resonancia magnética se puede realizar en el sistema público de salud y cumplir con las recomendaciones internacionales requeridas para el tratamiento estándar del CCLA.

Introduction and purpose: External beam radiation therapy with concomitant chemotherapy followed by adaptive image-guided brachytherapy (IGABT) is the standard of care for patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). The purpose of this study was to describe the local outcomes of the magnetic resonance IGABT protocol at the radiation oncology department of the Carlos Van Buren Hospital. Methods: Tumor reduction, dosimetric parameters and acute toxicity were evaluated in patients with LACC treated with concomitant radiochemotherapy followed by magnetic resonance IGABT. Results: Tumor reduction between diagnosis and brachytherapy was evaluated in 34 patients. All patients completed external radiation therapy treatment. Twenty-four patients received 3 sessions of brachytherapy. All patients received a total equivalent dose > 80 Gy. Twelve patients showed a tumor volume reduction greater than 70%. The median total equivalent dose prescribed to the bladder D2cc was 73.9 Gy, the rectum 65.6 Gy, and the intestine 69.1 Gy. One patient presented grade ≥ 3 gastrointestinal toxicity. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing patients who received total equivalent doses larger than 85 Gy with those who received lower doses regarding gastrointestinal (p = 0.33) and genitourinary (p = 0.97) toxicity. Conclusion: MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy can be performed in the public health system and achieve the international recommendations required as standard of care treatment of LACC.

Qualidade de vida sexual de mulheres no pós-tratamento radioterápico de câncer de colo uterino / Sexual quality of life of women after cervical cancer radiotherapy

A qualidade de vida sexual é frequentemente afetada após tratamento oncológico em ginecologia. Reportamos a qualidade de vida sexual de pacientes em seguimento no serviço de Oncologia Ginecológica da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, por meio da aplicação do questionário validado FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index), comparando pacientes diagnosticadas com câncer de colo uterino que receberam tratamento radioterápico com aquelas que foram submetidas a tratamento para câncer de colo uterino no qual não foi necessária a realização de radioterapia. Foi realizada análise estatística utilizando os testes D'Agostino-Pearson e o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney. Concluiu-se que a diminuição do desejo e da excitação foi mais frequente nas mulheres tratadas com radioterapia e que não houve diferença significativa entre as pacientes a respeito de lubrificação, orgasmo, satisfação e dispareunia.(AU)

Quality of sexual life is often affected after oncological treatment in gynecology. We report the quality of sexual life of patients in a follow-up at the Gynecological Oncology service of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, through the application of a questionnaire validated in the Portuguese language. The purpose of this study was to compare cervical cancer patients diagnosed who received radiotherapy with those who have been submitted to treatment for cervical cancer in which it was not necessary to perform radiotherapy. Decreased desire and arousal were more frequent in women treated with radiotherapy. Statistical analysis was performed using the D'Agostino-Pearson tests and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. It was concluded that decreased desire and arousal were more frequent in women treated with radiotherapy, and that there was no significant difference between patients regarding lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and dyspareunia.(AU)

Câncer do colo do útero na gravidez / Cancer of the cervix in pregnancy

O câncer do colo do útero é o câncer mais comum na gravidez, com uma estimativa de 1 a 12 casos por 10.000 gestações. Com a melhora do rastreio do câncer do colo do útero e uma tendência feminina de engravidar em idade mais avançada, observa-se que cerca de 43% das pacientes diagnosticadas com câncer do colo do útero têm menos de 45 anos e 20% a 28% são menores de 40 anos. O diagnóstico e o tratamento da doença na gravidez são difíceis e desafiadores, pois geram angústia para a gestante, sua família e os profissionais de saúde. Novos estudos destacam que a preservação da fertilidade e a qualidade de vida estão se tornando preocupações cada vez mais importantes de mulheres jovens com câncer e que os procedimentos cirúrgicos devem ser menos invasivos. O comitê de oncologia da FIGO revisou o sistema de estadiamento do câncer do colo do útero. Este artigo discute o diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer do colo do útero com base no estágio da doença, incluindo atenção a questões de fertilidade e qualidade de vida.(AU)

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in pregnancy, with an estimated 1-12 cases per 10,000 pregnancies. With improved cervical cancer screening and a tendency to become pregnant at a later age, it is noted that about 43% of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer are younger than 45 and 20-28% are younger than 40 years. Diagnosis and treatment of the disease in pregnancy are difficult and challenging, as they create distress for pregnant women, their families and health professionals. New studies highlight that preserving fertility and quality of life are becoming increasingly important concerns for young women with cancer and that surgical procedures should be less invasive. The FIGO oncology committee reviewed the staging system for cervical cancer. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer based on the stage of the disease, including attention to issues of fertility and quality of life.(AU)

An exploration into the quality of life of women treated for cervical cancer

Background: Cervical cancer mainly occurs among women from the developing world, and women face unique challenges in terms of their disease and treatment. Most women present with advanced cervical cancer and receive the standard curative treatment with external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy with or without chemotherapy. Objectives: To describe the quality of life (QOL) of women treated for cervical cancer during treatment (M0), at 6 months after completing treatment (M6) and at 12 months after treatment (M12).Methods: A cross-sectional design, calculated sample size (n = 153) and convenience sampling were used. Data were collected through structured interviews, and the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ CX24 served as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data, and the Kruskal­Wallis H test was used to compare the mean responses across the groups (p ≤ 0.05).Results: The mean age of the respondents was 50.6 years (standard deviation [SD] 11.9). The global health status improved significantly in contrast with the functional scores. Financial difficulties were rampant, especially during the treatment phase. Insomnia and urinary frequency were the most cumbersome problems and remained so even after treatment.Conclusions: Despite an improvement in the global health, cervical cancer and its treatment had a negative influence on the QOL in all domains of lives of these women. Assessing the QOL of patients during treatment and follow-up visits would allow nurses to develop interventions to address distressing problems timeously. In addition, Africa's nurses should assess social functioning and develop programmes to prevent social dysfunction

Radiotherapy modulates expression of EGFR, ERCC1 and p53 in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a public health problem and the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance are still poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the modulation of key molecules involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle and DNA repair in cervical cancer cell lines (CASKI and C33A) and in malignant tissues biopsied from 10 patients before and after radiotherapy. The expression patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and p53 were evaluated in cancer cell lines by quantitative PCR and western blotting, and in human malignant tissues by immunohistochemistry. The mutation status of TP53 gene was evaluated by direct sequencing. Among cell lines, absent or weak modulations of EGFR, ERCC1 and p53 were observed after exposure to 1.8 Gy. Conversely, increased expressions of p53 (5/10 patients; P=0.0239), ERCC1 (5/10 patients; P=0.0294) and EGFR (4/10 patients; P=0.1773) were observed in malignant tissues after radiotherapy with the same radiation dose. TP53 mutations were found only in one patient. Here we show that a single dose of radiotherapy induced EGFR, ERCC1 and p53 expression in malignant tissues from cervical cancer patients but not in cancer cell lines, highlighting the gap between in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Studies on larger patient cohorts are needed to allow an interpretation that an upregulation of p53, EGFR and ERCC1 may be part of a radioresistance mechanism.

Cytopathologic evaluation of patients submitted to radiotherapy for uterine cervix cancer / Avaliação citopatológica no seguimento de pacientes submetidas à radioterapia por câncer de colo uterino

Summary Cervical cancer is an important public health problem. Pap smear is the leading strategy of screening programs for cervical cancer worldwide. However, delayed diagnosis leads to more aggressive and less effective treatments. Patients with uterine cervix malignancies who are referred for radiotherapy have advanced-stage disease, which results in high rates of locoregional recurrence. The use of radiotherapy as a treatment for cervical cancer causes morphological changes in neoplastic and non-neoplastic epithelial cells, as well as in stromal cells, which make it difficult to diagnose the residual lesion, resulting in a dilemma in cytopathological routine. Based on the difficulties of cytopathologic evaluation for the follow-up of patients treated with radiotherapy for cervical cancer, our objective was to describe the actinic cytopathic effects. Our paper was based on a structured review including the period from June 2015 to April 2016, aiming at an exploratory-descriptive study. Bibliographic investigations were carried out through selection and analysis of articles, list of authors and keywords, selection of new articles focused on the analysis of bibliographic references to previously selected documents, as well as textbooks of recognized merit. The most incident actinic cytopathological alterations as described in the literature are: cellular gigantism, nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuolization, dyskeratosis, bi- and multinucleated (B/M) cells, macro and multiple nucleoli, anisokaryosis, anisonucleolosis and nuclear pyknosis. To date, a protocol has not been established that can precisely differentiate the morphological characteristics between benign cells with actinic effects from recurrent malignant cells on post-radiotherapy smears.

Resumo O câncer de colo uterino configura-se como um importante problema de saúde pública. O teste citopatológico é a principal estratégia de programas de rastreamento dessa neoplasia maligna em todo o mundo. Entretanto, a demora no diagnóstico ocasiona tratamentos mais agressivos e menos efetivos. Pacientes com neoplasia maligna de colo uterino que são encaminhadas para radioterapia apresentam doença em estádios avançados, e esse fato determina altos índices de recidiva locorregional. A utilização da radioterapia como tratamento do câncer do colo uterino provoca alterações morfológicas não só nas células epiteliais neoplásicas e não neoplásicas como também nas células estromais, o que dificulta o diagnóstico da lesão residual e resulta em um dilema na rotina citopatológica. Com base nas dificuldades da avaliação citopatológica do seguimento das pacientes pós-radioterapia, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os efeitos citopáticos actínicos. O trabalho teve como base uma revisão estruturada no período de junho de 2015 a abril de 2016, visando a um estudo exploratório-descritivo. As investigações bibliográficas foram realizadas por meio de seleção e análise dos artigos, lista de autores e palavras-chave; seleção de novos artigos focada na análise de referências bibliográficas dos documentos previamente selecionados e livros-texto de relevância conceitual. As alterações citopatológicas actínicas mais incidentes descritas na literatura são: gigantismo celular, vacuolização nuclear e citoplasmática, disceratose, bi e multinucleações, macro e múltiplos nucléolos, anisocariose, anisonucleolose e picnose nuclear. Até o momento, não se conseguiu estabelecer um protocolo que possa diferenciar precisamente as características morfológicas entre células benignas com efeitos actínicos das células malignas recidivantes em esfregaços pós-radioterapia.

Fatores associados à variação no comprimento e diâmetro vaginal após radioterapia pélvica para câncer do colo uterino / Factors associated with changes in vaginal length and diameter after pelvic radiotherapy for cervical cancer

Introdução: o câncer do colo uterino é o quarto tipo de câncer mais comum entre as mulheres. O tratamento pode incluir a radioterapia e um dos eventos adversos é a estenose vaginal. Objetivos: avaliar a incidência de estenose vaginal através de medidas objetivas e uma escala subjetiva, e identificar os fatores associados à ocorrência desse evento adverso após a radioterapia pélvica. Métodos: estudo longitudinal descritivo realizado de janeiro/2013 a novembro/2015 com 139 mulheres portadoras de neoplasia maligna do colo uterino, estádio I-IIIB, com idades entre 18-75 anos que haviam sido convidadas a participar de um ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliar diversos tratamentos para estenose vaginal após radioterapia. O desfecho foi a estenose vaginal, avaliada através da escala de estenose vaginal Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAEv3.0) e da diferença entre as medidas do comprimento e do diâmetro da vagina logo após o término da radioterapia. As variáveis independentes foram as características da neoplasia, dados clínicos e sociodemográficos. A análise bivariada foi realizada usando os testes do qui-quadrado, Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. A análise multivariada foi realizada através da regressão de Poisson e do modelo linear generalizado. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 47,2 (± 13,4) anos e 40,3% das mulheres estavam na pós-menopausa. Metade delas apresentava câncer do colo do útero estadio IIIB (50,4%). Pela escala CTCAEv3.0, 42 mulheres (30,2%) não apresentaram estenose, 96 mulheres (69,1%) apresentaram estenose grau 1 e uma mulher (0,7%) apresentou estenose grau 2 logo após a radioterapia. Com relação às alterações das medidas vaginais, a variação média de diâmetro foi -0,6 (± 1,7) mm e a variação média do comprimento foi -0,6 (± 1,3) cm. Quinze mulheres apresentaram redução do diâmetro vaginal, sendo que em 93,5% delas a redução foi de 0,5 cm e em 1 mulher a redução foi de 1 cm. Com relação ao comprimento vaginal, 65,7% apresentaram diminuição da medida, sendo que dessas, 62% tiveram diminuição de 0,5-1 cm; 32% tiveram diminuição de 1,5-2,5 cm e 6% tiveram diminuição de 3-4 cm. Por outro lado, 11 mulheres (8%) tiveram aumento do comprimento vaginal, sendo que dessas, 36,3% tiveram aumento de 0,5-1 cm; 36,3% tiveram aumento de 1,5-2,5 cm; 18,3% tiveram aumento de 3-4 cm e 9,1% tiveram aumento de 5 cm. Na análise multivariada, mulheres com invasão vaginal apresentaram menos estenose vaginal pela escala CTCAEv3.0 (coeficiente:-0,51;p<0,01). Quanto à variação do diâmetro, mulheres com estadiamento clínico IIIA/IIIB apresentaram redução da medida mais frequentemente (coeficiente:+1,44;p=0,02). Quanto à variação do comprimento, mulheres que realizaram teleterapia/braquiterapia apresentaram maior redução da medida (coeficiente:-1,17;p<0,01) e mulheres portadoras de diabetes (coeficiente:+1,16; p<0,01) e com invasão vaginal pelo tumor (coeficiente:+0,73;p<0,01) apresentaram aumento da medida. Conclusões: a maioria das mulheres apresentou estenose leve, com redução discreta do comprimento do canal vaginal. Estadiamento clínico avançado e realizar uma associação de braquiterapia e teleterapia se associaram a uma maior frequência de estenose. Mulheres com neoplasias do colo que invadem a vagina apresentam aumento das medidas do comprimento vaginal logo após a radioterapia devido à redução do volume tumoral. (AU)

Introduction: cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women. Treatment may include radiation therapy and one of the adverse events is vaginal stenosis. Objectives: to evaluate the incidence of vaginal stenosis using objective measures and a subjective scale, and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of this adverse event after pelvic radiotherapy for cancer of the cervix. Methods: a longitudinal descriptive study conducted from Jan/2013 to Nov/2015 with 139 women suffering from malignant cervical cancer, stage I-IIIB, aged 18-75 years who had been invited to participate in a randomized clinical trial to evaluate various treatments for vaginal stenosis after radiotherapy. The main outcome was vaginal stenosis assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAEv3.0) and through changes in vaginal diameter and length after the end of radiotherapy. Independent variables were the characteristics of the neoplasm, clinical and sociodemographic data. Bivariate analysis was carried out using chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney's test. Multiple analysis was carried out using Poisson regression and a generalized linear model. Results: The mean age was 47.2 (± 13.4) years and 40.3% of women were postmenopausal. Half of them had cervical cancer stage IIIB (50.4%). By CTCAEv3.0 scale, 42 women (30.2%) showed no stenosis, 96 women (69.1%) had grade 1 stenosis and one woman (0.7%) had grade 2 stenosis after radiotherapy. Regarding changes in vaginal measures the average change in diameter was 0.6 (± 1.7) mm and the average length variation was -0.6 (± 1.3) cm. Fifteen women had reduced vaginal diameter, and in 93.5% of them the reduction was 0.5 cm and in one woman the reduction was 1 cm. Regarding vaginal length, 65.7% showed a decrease in extent, and of these, 62% had decreased 0.5-1 cm; 32% had decreased 1.5-2.5 cm and 6% had a reduction of 3-4 cm. On the other hand, 11 women (8%) had an increase in vaginal length, and of these, 36.3% had an increase of 0.5-1 cm; 36.3% had an increase of 1.5-2.5 cm; 18.3% had an increase of 3-4 cm and 9.1% had an increase of 5 cm. In multivariate analysis, women with tumoral invasion of the vaginal walls had fewer vaginal stenosis by CTCAEv3.0 scale (coefficient: -0.51, p <0.01). As to changes in diameter, women with clinical stage IIIA/IIIB had reductions in this measure more frequently (coefficient: +1.44; p=0.02). As to changes in vaginal length, women who underwent teletherapy/brachytherapy showed greater reduction in this measure (coefficient: -1.17; p <0.01) and women with diabetes (coefficient: +1.16; p <0.01) and tumoral invasion of the vaginal walls (coefficient: +0.73; p <0.01) had increases in this measure more frequently. Conclusion: most women had mild stenosis, with a slight reduction of the length of the vagina. Advanced clinical stage and performing a combination of brachytherapy and teletherapy were associated with a higher frequency of stenosis. Women with cervical cancer which invades the vaginal walls have increases in vaginal length after radiotherapy due to reduction in tumoral volume.(AU)

Practice patterns of adjuvant therapy for intermediate/high recurrence risk cervical cancer patients in Japan / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Although radiation therapy (RT) and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) are the global standards for adjuvant therapy treatment in cervical cancer, many Japanese institutions choose chemotherapy (CT) because of the low frequency of irreversible adverse events. In this study, we aimed to clarify the trends of adjuvant therapy for intermediate/high-risk cervical cancer after radical surgery in Japan. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted by the Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group to 186 authorized institutions active in the treatment of gynecologic cancer. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 129 facilities. Adjuvant RT/CCRT and intensity-modulated RT were performed in 98 (76%) and 23 (18%) institutions, respectively. On the other hand, CT was chosen as an alternative in 93 institutions (72%). The most common regimen of CT, which was used in 66 institutions (51%), was a combination of cisplatin/carboplatin with paclitaxel. CT was considered an appropriate alternative option to RT/CCRT in patients with risk factors such as bulky tumors, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, parametrial invasion, and stromal invasion. The risk of severe adverse events was considered to be lower for CT than for RT/CCRT in 109 institutions (84%). CONCLUSION: This survey revealed a variety of policies regarding adjuvant therapy among institutions. A clinical study to assess the efficacy or non-inferiority of adjuvant CT is warranted.

Embolização vesical superseletiva para tratamento de hematúria maciça por cistite actínica / Selective vesical artery embolization for treatment of gross hematuria due to actinic cystitis

Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente de 46 anos de idade, que, após ter sido submetida a tratamento radioterápico por neoplasia de colo uterino, desenvolveu cistite actínica com episódios frequentes de hematúria franca. A paciente necessitou ser submetida a repetidos cateterismos vesicais por retenção urinária, hemotransfusões e internacões hospitalares. As medidas conservadoras e as tentativas de hemostasia por cistoscopia não foram bem-sucedidas no controle do sangramento. A paciente foi então submetida a tratamento endovascular com embolização superseletiva das artérias vesicais e outros pedículos vasculares, que se demonstraram associados ao sangramento. O procedimento foi bem-sucedido e a paciente vem sendo acompanhada há nove meses sem a necessidade de novas hemotransfusões nem de novas internações hospitalares. De acordo com a revisão da literatura, o uso dessa técnica ainda não havia sido descrito em trabalhos brasileiros.

This article describes the case of a 46-year-old female patient who had been treated with radiotherapy for cervical cancer. She developed actinic cystitis with frequent episodes of severe hematuria. She required repeated catheterization to manage urinary retention, blood transfusions and hospital admissions. Conservative measures and attempts to achieve hemostasis by cystoscopy were unsuccessful at controlling bleeding. The patient therefore underwent endovascular treatment with superselective embolization of the vesical arteries and other vascular pedicles found to be linked with the bleeding. The procedure was successful and the patient has been in follow-up for 9 months with no need for further blood transfusions or admission to hospital. According to a review of the literature, use of this technique has not previously been described in Brazil.

Tratamiento con radioquimioterapia del cáncer de cuello uterino: resultados a largo plazo / Radiochemotherapy treatment of cervical cancer: long-term results

Introducción: la radioquimioterapia es una opción de tratamiento curativo del carcinoma de cérvix, particularmente en pacientes de medio hospitalario uruguayo cuyo diagnóstico se realiza en estadios localmente avanzados. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados terapéuticos y la toxicidad crónica de dicho tratamiento en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Método: se incluyeron 164 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma cérvico-uterino que completaron el tratamiento de radioquimioterapia entre junio de 2006 y noviembre de 2008. La radioterapia externa (RTE) consistió en irradiación pélvica (concomitante con cisplatino semanal) y braquiterapia (BT) útero-vaginal. Se calculó la dosis biológica efectiva para tumor, para recto y para vejiga. Se analizó la tasa de control locorregional y la sobrevida a cinco años, así como las complicaciones crónicas por el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: la sobrevida global obtenida fue de 67% a cinco años, mostrando diferencias significativas entre el estadio II (78%) y el estadio III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0,0002). La tasa de complicaciones crónicas grado 3-4, según RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), fue de 1,8% para las urinarias y 3,7% para las digestivas. El control local inicial fue de 89% y la persistencia lesional de 10,3%; recidiva locorregional (RL) en todo el período: 19,5%; metástasis con o sin RL: 10,3%. Conclusiones: se confirma en nuestro medio la eficacia terapéutica de la radioquimioterapia en cáncer de cérvix. La mayoría de las recidivas o persistencias fueron por falta de control locorregional luego del tratamiento inicial. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado, con bajo porcentaje de complicaciones crónicas, comparable con referencias internacionales.

Abstract Introduction: radiochemotherapy may be used to cure cervical cancer, particularly for patients treated in Uruguayan hospitals, whose diagnosis is made in locally advanced stages. The study aims to analyse therapy results and chronic toxicity of such treatment at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR). Method: 164 carriers of cervical-uterine cancer who completed the radiochemotherapy treatment between June 2006 and November 2008 were included in the study. External radiochemotherapy consisted in pelvic irradiation (in combination with weekly cisplatin) and uterus-vaginal brachytherapy. Effective biological doses for tumor were calculated, for the rectum and the bladder. Locoregional control rate and survival after 5 years, as well as chronic complications, were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: global five-year survival rate was 67%, there being significant differences between stage II (78%) and stage III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0.0002). According to RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) Grade 3/4 chronic complications rate was 1.8% for urinary complications and 3.7% for digestive complications. Initial local control was 89% and lesion persistence was 10.3%, locoregional recurrence (LR) throughout the period was 19.5%; metastases with and without LR was 10.3% Conclusions: therapeutic effectiveness of radiochemotherapy for to treat cervical cancer is confirmed in our context. In most cases recurrence or persistence resulted from lack of locoregional follow-up after initial treatment. Treatment was well tolerated, with low percentage of chronic complications, what is comparable to international literature.

Resumo Introdução: a radio-quimioterapia é uma opção de tratamento curativo do carcinoma de cérvix, particularmente em pacientes do meio hospitalar uruguaio cujo diagnóstico é feito em estádios localmente avançados. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados terapêuticos e a toxicidade crônica deste tratamento no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Método: foram incluídas 164 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma cérvico-uterino que completaram o tratamento de radio-quimioterapia no período junho de 2006 - novembro de 2008. A radioterapia externa (RTE) foi feita por irradiação pélvica (concomitante com cisplatina semanal) e braquiterapia (BT) útero-vaginal. A dose biológica efetiva para tumor, reto e bexiga foi calculada. A taxa de controle loco-regional e a sobrevida aos cinco anos foram calculadas e também as complicações crônicas utilizando o método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: a sobrevida global obtida foi de 67% aos cinco anos, mostrando diferenças significativas entre o estádio II (78%) e o estádio III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0,0002). A taxa de complicações crônicas graus 3-4, de acordo com a RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), foi 1,8% para as urinarias e 3,7% para as digestivas. O controle local inicial foi de 89% e a persistência da lesão de 10,3%; recidiva loco-regional (RL) em todo o período: 19,5%; metástases com ou sem RL: 10,3%. Conclusões: a eficácia terapêutica da radioquimioterapia no câncer de cérvix no nosso meio foi confirmada. A maioria das recidivas ou persistências foi devida a falta de controle loco-regional depois do tratamento inicial. O tratamento foi bem tolerado, com baixa porcentagem de complicações crônicas, comparável a referências internacionais.

Efeito do tempo de espera para radioterapia na sobrevida geral em cinco anos de mulheres com câncer do colo do útero, 1995-2010 / Effect of waiting time for radiotherapy on five-year overall survival in women with cervical cancer, 1995-2010 / Efecto del tiempo de espera para radioterapia en una sobrevida global en 5 años de mujeres con cáncer del cuello uterino, 1995-2010

Resumo A sobrevida geral em cinco anos e os fatores associados ao óbito foram avaliados em uma coorte de 342 mulheres com câncer do colo uterino indicadas para radioterapia na Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A sobrevida geral foi de 25,3%, alcançando 60,8% para os casos até IIA. O ajustamento com uso do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox estendido mostrou risco de óbito aumentado para tumores IIB-IIIB (HR = 1,89; IC95%: 1,214; 2,957) e IVA-IVB (HR = 5,78; IC95%: 2,973; 11,265). A captação por citologia (HR = 0,58; IC95%: 0,362; 0,961) e o encaminhamento direto para o serviço de radioterapia na Baixada Fluminese (HR = 0,60; IC95%: 0,418; 0,875) foram os principais fatores protetores encontrados. O tempo de espera pela radioterapia (> 60 dias versus ≤ 60 dias) foi não estatisticamente significativo, porém o retardo de quatro dias piorou os resultados (HR = 1,70; IC95%: 1,153; 2,513). O limite de 60 dias para iniciar a radioterapia deve ser respeitado com rigor, pois, a partir de 64 dias, o retardo mostrou associação significativa entre todos os pontos de corte de tempo de espera analisados e o risco de morte em cinco anos.

Abstract Overall 5-year survival and factors associated with death were evaluated in a cohort of 342 women with cervical cancer referred to radiotherapy in the Baixada Fluminense, in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Overall 5-year survival was 25.3%, reaching 60.8% in women with stage IIA or less. The model adjusted by extended Cox proportional regression showed an increase in mortality risk for patients with stages IIB-IIIB (HR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.214; 2.957) and IVA-IVB (HR = 5.78; 95%CI: 2.973; 11.265). Cytology in asymptomatic women (HR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.362; 0.961) and referral for first consultation in an oncology service in the Baixada Fluminense (HR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.418; 0.875) were the main protective factors identified by the study. Waiting time (> 60 versus ≤ 60 days) was not statistically significant, but a delay of 4 days worsened the outcome. The 60-day limit for initiating radiotherapy should be respected, because delay greater than 64 days showed a significant association between all waiting time cut-off points and 5-year mortality risk.

Resumen La sobrevida global en 5 años y los factores asociados a la muerte fueron evaluados en una cohorte de 342 mujeres con cáncer de cuello uterino, elegidas para radioterapia en la Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. La sobrevida global fue 25,3%, alcanzando 60,8% en estadios clínicos hasta IIA. El ajuste obtenido con el modelo de riesgo proporcional de Cox extendido expuso un riesgo de muerte más elevado en mujeres con estadios IIB-IIIB (RR = 1,89; IC95%: 1,214; 2,957) y IVA-IVB (RR = 5,78; IC95%: 2,973; 11,265). La citología (RR = 0,58; IC95%: 0,362; 0,961) y el envío directo hacia el servicio oncológico en Baixada Fluminense (RR = 0,60; IC95%: 0,418; 0,875) fueron los factores protectores encontrados. El tiempo de espera (> 60 días versus ≤ 60 días) no resultó en una diferencia significativa, pero el retraso de 4 días empeoró los resultados (RR = 1,70; IC95%: 1,153; 2,513). El límite de 60 días para empezar la radioterapia debe ser respetado con rigor, puesto que a partir de 64 días, la tardanza mostró asociación significativa entre todos los puntos de corte de tiempo de espera evaluado y el riesgo de morir en 5 años.

Cancer patients with oral mucositis: challenges for nursing care / O paciente oncológico com mucosite oral: desafios para o cuidado de enfermagem / El paciente oncológico con mucositis oral: desafíos para el cuidado de enfermería

OBJECTIVE: to analyze nursing care provided to cancer patients with oral mucositis based on the Nursing Process (NP). METHOD: this exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study was conducted with 213 patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in two cancer facilities: one philanthropic and one private service. RESULTS: the participants were mainly female, aged 45.8 years old on average, with up to 11 years of schooling and income of up to one times the minimum wage. Severe mucositis was related to chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy. Only 25.3% of the patients reported having received guidance from nurses during their treatment concerning self-care. The perceptions of patients regarding quality of care did not significantly differ between the private and public facilities. The basic human needs mainly affected were comfort, eating, and hygiene. Based on this finding, one NP was established listing the diagnoses, interventions and expected results to establish an ideal, though individualized, standard of nursing care to be provided to these patients. CONCLUSION: to understand oral mucositis is crucial to establish nursing care that includes prevention based on the implementation of an oral care plan. .

OBJETIVO: analisar o cuidado de enfermagem ao paciente oncológico com mucosite oral, pautado no Processo de Enfermagem (PE). MÉTODO: estudo exploratório descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, realizado com 213 pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia em dois serviços de oncologia, um filantrópico e outro privado. RESULTADOS: os sujeitos eram majoritariamente do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 45,8 anos, possuíam até 11 anos de estudo e renda básica de até um salário mínimo. As formas graves de mucosite detectadas relacionaram-se à quimiorradiação. Somente 25,3% dos pacientes relevaram ter recebido orientações de enfermeiros durante o tratamento e sem, conforme concepção dos pacientes, diferença significativa na qualidade da assistência de enfermagem entre serviços públicos e privados. As principais necessidades humanas básicas afetadas nos pacientes relacionaram-se aos componentes conforto, alimentação e higiene. A partir disso, delimitou-se um PE elencando diagnósticos, intervenções e resultados esperados, a fim de se estabelecer um padrão ideal, porém individualizante, de assistência de enfermagem a estes pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: conhecer a afecção mucosite oral é precípuo para formulação de uma assistência de enfermagem que vislumbre a prevenção, a partir da instituição de um plano de cuidados orais. .

OBJETIVO: analizar el cuidado de enfermería para el paciente oncológico con mucositis oral, guiado por el Proceso de Enfermería (PE). MÉTODO: estudio exploratorio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo, realizado con 213 pacientes sometidos a quimioterapia y/o radioterapia en dos servicios de oncología, uno filantrópico y el otro privado. RESULTADOS: los sujetos eran en su mayoría del sexo femenino, con promedio de edad de 45,8 años, poseían hasta 11 años de estudio y renta básica de hasta un salario mínimo. Las formas graves de mucositis detectadas se relacionaron a la quimiorradiación. Solamente 25,3% de los pacientes relevaron haber recibido orientaciones de enfermeros durante el tratamiento y sin, conforme concepción de los pacientes, diferencia significativa en la calidad de la asistencia de enfermería entre servicios públicos y privados. Las principales necesidades humanas básicas afectadas en los pacientes se relacionaron a los componentes confort, alimentación e higiene. A partir de eso, se delimitó un PE incluyendo diagnósticos, intervenciones y resultados esperados, con la finalidad de establecer un estándar ideal, sin embargo individualizado, de asistencia de enfermería para estos pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: conocer la enfermedad mucositis oral es primordial para la formulación de una asistencia de enfermería que objetive la prevención, a partir de la institución de un plan de cuidados orales. .

Alternative treatment for open bite Class III malocclusion in a child with Williams-Beuren syndrome

Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a rare genetic condition that affects approximately 1 in every 20,000 - 50,000 live births. WBS children have specific skeletal deformities, dental malformations and rare lingual muscle dysfunction. The need for orthodontic and orthognathic therapy has arisen and has been considered a real clinical challenge even for experienced professionals, once it requires a complex and individualized treatment plan. This study reports a case of orthopedic expansion of the maxilla, in which a modified facial mask was used for protraction of the maxillary complex associated with clockwise rotation of the maxilla. In addition, special considerations about treatment time and orthopedic outcomes are discussed.

A síndrome de Williams-Beuren (WBS) é uma doença genética rara, acometendo, aproximadamente, de 1:20.000 a 1:50.000 crianças nascidas. As crianças com WBS têm deformidades esqueléticas específicas, má formações dentárias e, algumas vezes, disfunção muscular da língua. As necessidades ortodônticas e ortognáticas têm sido consideradas um verdadeiro desafio clínico, até mesmo para aqueles profissionais com vasta experiência, uma vez que requerem um plano de tratamento individualizado e complexo. Esse relato de caso aborda uma expansão ortopédica da maxila, em que foi utilizada uma máscara facial modificada para protração do complexo maxilar, acompanhada de uma rotação horária da maxila. Além disso, considerações especiais sobre o tempo de tratamento e resultados ortopédicos são discutidas.